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Lab Tests A–Z

205 common laboratory tests – what they measure, which tube to use, reference ranges and causes of high and low values. See also the order of draw.

Arthritis & Autoimmune

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP)Anti-double-stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA)Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)Complement C3Complement C4Extractable nuclear antigen antibody panel (ENA)HLA-B27 typingRheumatoid factor (RF)

Blood Bank

ABO and Rh(D) blood groupingCrossmatch (compatibility test)Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT)Kleihauer-Betke testRed cell antibody screen

Blood Gases

Base excess (BE)Bicarbonate, actual (blood gas HCO₃⁻)LactateOxygen saturation (SaO₂ / sO₂)Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂)Partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂)pH (blood gas)

Body Fluids

Ascitic fluid analysis (SAAG)Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysisPleural fluid analysis (Light's criteria)Synovial fluid analysis

Cardiac Markers

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)Creatine kinase (CK)Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTnI / hs-cTnT)MyoglobinN-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)

Coagulation

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)Anti-factor Xa activityBleeding time (BT)D-dimerFactor IX activityFactor VIII activityFibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP)FibrinogenLupus anticoagulant (LA)Mixing study (aPTT/PT correction)Platelet function testsProthrombin time (PT) and INRThrombin time (TT)von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag)

Dengue

Dengue IgG antibodyDengue IgM antibodyDengue NS1 antigenDengue virus RNA (RT-PCR)Platelet count and hematocrit monitoring in dengue

Diabetes

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (ketones)C-peptideFructosamineGlucose, fasting (FPG)Glucose, randomHaemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)Insulin (fasting)Oral glucose tolerance test, 2-hour (OGTT)

Electrolytes

Anion gapBicarbonate (total CO₂)Calcium, ionizedCalcium, totalChloride (Cl⁻)MagnesiumOsmolality (serum)Phosphate (inorganic phosphorus)Potassium (K⁺)Sodium (Na⁺)

Hematology

BasophilsBone marrow iron stainDirect antiglobulin test (DAT)EosinophilsErythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)Hematocrit (Hct)Hemoglobin (Hb)Hemoglobin electrophoresis / HPLCLymphocytesMean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)Mean platelet volume (MPV)MonocytesNeutrophilsOsmotic fragility testPeripheral blood smearPlatelet count (PLT)Red blood cell count (RBC)Red cell distribution width (RDW)Reticulocyte countSickling testWhite blood cell count (WBC)

Hepatitis

Hepatitis A IgM antibody (anti-HAV IgM)Hepatitis B core IgM antibody (anti-HBc IgM)Hepatitis B core total antibody (anti-HBc total)Hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe)Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)Hepatitis B virus DNA (viral load)Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV)Hepatitis C virus RNA (PCR)Hepatitis E IgM antibody (anti-HEV IgM)

Hormones & Fertility

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)CortisolEstradiol (E2)Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Growth hormone (GH)Human chorionic gonadotropin, beta (β-hCG)Luteinizing hormone (LH)Parathyroid hormone, intact (PTH)ProgesteroneProlactinTestosterone, totalVitamin D, 25-hydroxy (25-OH D)

Infectious Diseases

Antistreptolysin O titre (ASO)Blood cultureC-reactive protein (CRP)COVID-19 test (RT-PCR / rapid antigen)Helicobacter pylori tests (stool antigen / urea breath test)HIV-1/2 antigen/antibody combination testInterferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)Malaria parasite test (smear and RDT)Procalcitonin (PCT)Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA)Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux)Typhoid IgM rapid testVDRL / RPR (non-treponemal syphilis test)Widal test

Iron Studies

FerritinFolate (folic acid)Serum ironTotal iron-binding capacity (TIBC)TransferrinTransferrin saturation (TSAT)Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Kidney Function

CreatinineCreatinine clearance (24-hour urine)Cystatin CEstimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)Urea / Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)Uric acidUrine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR)

Lipid Profile

Apolipoprotein B (apo B)Cholesterol, totalHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolLipoprotein(a)Non-HDL cholesterolTriglyceridesVLDL cholesterol

Liver Function

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)AmmoniaAspartate aminotransferase (AST)Bilirubin, direct (conjugated)Bilirubin, indirect (unconjugated)Bilirubin, totalGamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Pancreas

AmylaseFaecal elastase-1Lipase

Protein Electrophoresis

AlbuminAlbumin/globulin ratio (A/G ratio)Beta-2 microglobulin (β2M)GlobulinImmunofixation electrophoresis (IFE)Serum free light chains (kappa/lambda)Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP)Total protein

Semen & Infertility

Antisperm antibodiesSemen analysisSperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI)

TORCH

Cytomegalovirus IgG and IgM antibodiesHerpes simplex virus 1/2 IgG and IgM antibodiesIgG avidity test (Toxoplasma, CMV, rubella)Rubella IgG and IgM antibodiesToxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies

Thyroid

CalcitoninFree thyroxine (free T4)Free triiodothyronine (free T3)Thyroglobulin (Tg)Thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg)Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO)Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)Thyroxine, total (total T4)TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb)

Tumor Markers

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125)Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)hCG as a tumour markerProstate-specific antigen (PSA), total and free

Urine & Stool

24-hour urine proteinClostridioides difficile toxin testFecal calprotectinFecal occult blood test (FOBT / FIT)Stool cultureStool routine examination and ova & parasitesUrine culture and sensitivityUrine pregnancy test (hCG)Urine routine examination (urinalysis)