MLT GlobeBasic Pathology: Inflammation – page 6
134 Basic Pathology MCQs on Inflammation with answers and explanations.
In postcapillary venules, laminar flow keeps smaller cells in the central axial stream and pushes leukocytes toward the wall. Which cells occupy the central column?
Red cells are smaller and flow faster in the center, while leukocytes are pushed toward the wall (margination), allowing them to roll and adhere.
Before an unstimulated endothelial cell is activated, where is most of its P-selectin held?
Endothelial P-selectin is prestored in Weibel-Palade bodies and moves to the surface within minutes of histamine or thrombin stimulation; it is not constitutively displayed.
Selectins recognise which kind of structure on their counter-receptors?
Selectins are lectins that bind sialylated oligosaccharides (e.g., sialyl-Lewis X) on glycoproteins. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are ligands for integrins, not selectins.
After any brief vasoconstriction, which sequence best describes the events of acute inflammation?
Arteriolar dilation increases flow, leaky venules lose fluid, blood slows (stasis), and slowed flow lets neutrophils marginate and emigrate.
Which statement best characterises chronic inflammation?
Chronic inflammation features mononuclear cells, ongoing destruction and simultaneous repair. It contributes to atherosclerosis and often ends in fibrosis.
Active locomotion of leukocytes during emigration and chemotaxis is powered mainly by:
Leukocytes crawl by extending actin-rich lamellipodia and contracting with myosin. C3b and IgG Fc are opsonins that aid phagocytosis, not movement.
Which statement about chronic inflammation is accurate?
Monocytes use selectins, integrins and chemokines like neutrophils. Chronic inflammation can begin insidiously, includes angiogenesis, and often leaves fibrosis.
Immediately after a minor injury, which vascular change appears first and lasts only seconds?
A brief neurogenic arteriolar constriction precedes vasodilation. Permeability and stasis follow later.
Increased endothelial expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 during inflammation is mainly induced by:
TNF and IL-1 act on endothelium to upregulate adhesion molecules. LTB4 attracts leukocytes, bradykinin causes pain and leakage, C3b is an opsonin.
Material drained from a long-standing (chronic) abscess would most likely contain:
An abscess holds pus (neutrophils, debris); chronicity adds lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Caseation with Langhans cells points to TB.
In acute inflammation, where do endothelial retraction and leukocyte transmigration mainly take place?
Post-capillary venules have the most endothelial receptors for histamine and adhesion molecules, so leakage and diapedesis concentrate there.
Which order correctly describes leukocyte recruitment to an injured site?
Leukocytes roll and firmly adhere, then cross the venule wall, and finally migrate through tissue along a chemotactic gradient.
In a foreign-body granuloma, epithelioid macrophages and giant cells are found:
Macrophages and fused giant cells wrap around and against the foreign particle, which can often be seen in the giant cell cytoplasm.
The commonest mechanism of increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation, triggered by histamine and bradykinin, is:
Mediator-induced endothelial contraction occurs rapidly, is short-lived and mainly involves post-capillary venules. Direct endothelial injury is less common.
Which statement about mast cells is FALSE?
Mast cells and basophils share a marrow progenitor, but mast cells mature in tissues and do not derive from mature basophils.
Microbes that reach the bloodstream are first recognised by which soluble components of innate immunity?
Complement, MBL, collectins and CRP bind microbes in blood, opsonising them or triggering complement-mediated lysis.
Macrophages exposed to endotoxin via TLRs and to IFN-gamma from T cells become microbicidal. This is:
Classical activation increases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species for killing. Alternative activation by IL-4 and IL-13 promotes repair and fibrosis.
Which two preformed vasoactive amines are among the first mediators released in acute inflammation?
Histamine (mast cells) and serotonin (platelets) are stored ready-made. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are synthesised newly from arachidonic acid.
Endothelial contraction induced by histamine produces a leak that is best described as:
Mediator-induced endothelial contraction is rapid and short-lived (the immediate transient response), unlike direct endothelial injury.
In acute inflammation, after vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, loss of fluid from vessels concentrates red cells and leads next to:
Outflow of protein-rich fluid increases blood viscosity, slowing circulation (stasis). Stasis allows neutrophils to marginate along the endothelium before emigrating.